Reduction to Landfill - Alset Power Company Inc
Our approach is an integrated one where we will reduce to Landfill by 100%, Recycle, Reuse, Recover and Reduce all waste streams that would normally go to a Landfill.
Ghana should look at this approach as a means of True Sustainable Waste Management.
We have a Zero Emission Gasification Plant company who assists us that comes with total funding.
MSW composition in Ghana (2015)
61% organics,
14% plastics,
6% inert,
5% miscellaneous,
5% paper,
3% metals,
3% glass,
1% leather and rubber, and
1% textiles
Zero Landfill
ZERO Waste - ZERO Landfill. Waste Management in Developing Countries & beyond
Gasification & Integrated Waste Management Plants.
Reduction to Landfill by 100% - Low Emissions 45% more efficient than Incineration & 50% less cost
Since 1997 PSECC have pioneered new Waste Management practices and technologies such as Gasification of Waste & Integrated Waste Management Plants - totally 100% funded via USS EXIMBANK
Gasification & 100% Recycling Waste Management Plants
Sustainable Urban & Rural Life - Sustainability - Service functionality, Natural value, Adaptive capacity - Diversity, Coherent Solutions, Circular Economy, Complete Sustainable Waste Management Service that builds Resilience. In 2021 our offer is Gasification & 100% Recycling plants - ZERO Waste - ZERO Landfill
UK MSW - Our earlier work in the UK 1997 to 2012 - The UK has now taken several steps on its journey towards sustainable waste management practices, the road is long and there is considerable room for further advancement. Obligations under the EU Landfill Directive, it has turned increasingly to a range of alternative disposal options. These include increased recycling, composting, anaerobic digestion and the use of thermal treatment facilities to recover energy from waste. PSECC Ltd was a Not-for-Profit organisation for over ten years and now as a Limited company are active in pioneering new technologies to make possible a more Sustainable Waste Management Sector & Economy.
The average composition and calorific value of MSW in the UK is calculated to be 12 MJ/kg. This value corresponds to an equivalent of 3.3 MW per tonne of waste per hour. Plastics have the highest calorific value, contributing 8.8% to the total calorific value of MSW. Waste paper and cardboard represent the highest percentage in the total composition of the UK MSW, while also contributing a large fraction of the calorific value of MSW.
In recent years, a combination of recycling and composting has become the largest means of managing wastes, accounting for 26.7% and 15.5%, respectively, of the total MSW generated. A total of 73% of the composted waste is treated in open air windrows . However, 40.3% is still sent to landfill while only 16% is combusted in 24 waste to energy facilities which recover 1594 GWh of electricity annually - this equates to some 0.41 MWh of electricity generated for every tonne of MSW combusted.
Reuse, Recycling & Composting
As noted, recycling/reuse together with composting have become the dominant methods of waste management in the UK, accounting for 42.2% of the total MSW. In 2012 a total of 13.1 million tonnes of MSW was recycled or composted in the UK, representing an increase of 27.3% since 2002. The per capita recycling and composting for UK residents is 0.21 tonnes. England recycles and composts the least with 0.20 tonnes per capita (42% of the total MSW produced in England) , followed by Northern Ireland (0.21; 39% of the total MSW produced in N. Ireland), Wales and Scotland (0.25 each; 50.1% and 42% of the total MSW produced in each country accordingly).
According to the Anaerobic Digestion & Biogas Association (ADBA) there are currently well over 100 operational anaerobic digesters, not counting those operating at water treatment facilities.
In 2012, there were also 203 composting sites (149 open windrow, 41 in-vessel and 13 combined open windrow and in-vessel), the majority of which are located in the east of England (38), followed by the south east (35) and north west (27).
In the same year, there were 2341 recycling facilities operating, 749 of which processed end-of-life vehicles (ELV), 761 were vehicle dismantling facilities, 60 vehicle de-pollution sites and 771 metal recycling plants.
Landfill
The 40.3% of MSW landfilled in the UK is sent to the country's 725 active landfill sites; producing some 4979 GWh of electricity from the methane recovered. Notably, almost 1700 landfill sites have stopped operation since 2001, showing that the country is moving away from landfill as an option for waste management.
England is landfilling less with 0.18 tonnes per capita, followed by Wales (0.23), N. Ireland (0.32) and Scotland (0.33).
Energy Recovery
Of the total MSW produced in the UK in 2012 some 16.1% was processed in waste to energy plants. This accounted for some 5% of the country's total Renewable Energy Sources (RES) - an increase in the contribution of made by waste to energy plants of some 300% since 1996. A total of 1739 GWh electricity and heat combined.
There are 24 plants currently operating, while 14 new facilities are in various stages of construction. In England, 0.09 tonnes per capita were processed in Waste to Energy plants in 2011/12. In Scotland and Wales, however, only 0.02 tonnes per capita was sent to energy recovery facilities. There was no energy recovery at all in Northern Ireland.
Additionally, Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) facilities in England processed 1.4% of the total MSW generated in the UK in 2012 to produce Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) or Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). This percentage corresponds to only 0.008 tonnes per capita.
In Scotland and in Northern Ireland there are no MBT plants, while in Wales 0.005 tonnes per capita were processed into RDF. In total, there was an increase of 0.8% of MSW treated by MBT plants since 2002.
In total, there are about 19 facilities in the UK using various MBT processes with a production capacity of approximately one million tonnes of SRF, used mainly in the cement industry.
The total energy produced by bioenergy based technologies and waste treatment operation sites was 12,973 GWh. This represented an increase in energy production these sources of 620% from 1996.
The oil equivalent of the energy produced from wastes in 2011 was 750 thousand tonnes. Of this 717,300 tonnes equivalent was due to the production of electricity from waste – an increase of 928% since 1990. An additional 32,700 tonnes of oil equivalent came from the generation of heat from wastes.
The economics of Waste management in the UK
The gate fee for landfilling lies between £73 and £127 per tonne, with the median fee paid by local authorities in 2012 being £85 per tonne. By contrast, the average gate fee paid at an MRF was just £9 per tonne of recyclable materials, or £26 per tonne at facilities which entered service after 2011.
Open air windrow composting sites averaged £24 per tonne, in-vessel composting and anaerobic digestions plants both charged £43 per tonne.
The gate fee paid by local authorities at waste to energy plants was £54 per tonne for those facilities built prior to 2000 and £73 per tonne of for plants built after the year 2000. The gate fees at MBT plants were £84 per tonne of waste. It is clear to see then, that the most economically viable form of waste management, other than prevention, is the reuse and recycling of materials, with an average gate fee of only £9 per tonne of waste.
Conclusions on the Global status of waste management in the UK
A Chinese proverb states: "The longest journey starts with a single step". This reflects the progress made towards improving the waste management situation in the UK.
The country has rapidly increased its sustainable waste management practices over recent years, and has achieved this by placing an emphasis on recycling and composting. This is while also significantly increasing its waste to energy capacity. Using statistics provided by Eurostat, the Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants (CEWEP) and the published data of several other nations, the global waste management 'ladder' (p45), along with the position of UK on the ladder.
The concept is to show that nations that recycle more of their municipal solid waste, and process more of their residual MSW in waste to energy facilities, therefore less landfilling, are higher up the ladder of sustainable waste management.
The countries were ranked according to their result on the formula below, where waste to energy (WTE) includes MBT facilities:
r= 1.2*(Recycling + Composting) %+WtE%
Taking into account that the UK's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (on a purchasing power parity basis) is approximately 1.1 times higher than the European average, as well as its position on the global sustainable waste management ladder, the country is below several other European nations.
Therefore, while the UK has now taken several steps on its journey towards sustainable waste management practices, the road is long and there is considerable room for further advancement.
Professor Nickolas J. Themelis is director of the Earth Engineering Centre, Columbia University and chair of the global WTERT Council
web: www.columbia.edu/cu/wtert
Athanasios C. Bourtsalas is a doctoral student in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London and is also a research associate at the Earth Engineering Centre, Columbia University.
email: ab6211@imperial.ac.uk or ab3129@caa.columbia.eduMore Waste Management World Articles
Waste Management World Issue Archives
Since 1997 we have been involved in International Waste management and were responsible for bringing together an International Consortium to design and construct Integrated Waste Management plants - full funding provision.
We put forward proposals to the following Cities:
Hong Kong
Mumbai
Gdansk
Portsmouth
Winchester
Hampshire
Edinburgh
Sofia
Doha
The tonnage of MSW waste stream per person in the UK is 0.48 tonnes per year The average composition and calorific value of MSW in the UK is calculated to be 12 MJ/kg. Daily values are 1.315 Kg per person and 15.78 MJ'Kg per person.
ZERO Waste - ZERO Landfill - 100% Recycling, Reuse, Recovery, Reduction - Focused Innovation -
Sustainable Urban & Rural Life - Sustainability - Service functionality, Natural value, Adaptive capacity - Diversity, Coherent Solutions, Circular Economy for Kisumu - a Complete Sustainable Waste Management Service.
This is the project for Kisumu in kenya in 2021.....
1. ZERO Waste – ZERO Landfill – complete Sustainable Waste project
2. "NO" Cost or burden to Government for the plants and "NO" tipping Fee
3. Provision of $80 million & more via US EXIMBANK
4. MSW, Medical and some liquid waste processed, energy, recycling, fertilizers, fuels produced, which fits into the Kisumu Strategic Objectives
5. Climate Change Mitigation - Renewable Energy - CO2 & CH4 reduction
6. Less Air Pollution and Leachate from Landfills entering the water courses and Lake Victory,
7. Removal of Plastic from Lake Victoria
8. Increase in Fish stocks
9. 100% recycling of Glass, Ash and metals used in production of new products in the new Waste Management Facility
10. 300 job creation, poverty reduction, Revenue Generator for Kisumu Government
11. 50 Trucks & 100 Gas Powered Rickshaws immediately
12. Plant operational by July/August 2022
13. Manufacturing of Concrete Building blocks
14. Food production using waste Carbon Dioxide from the plant & heat (Food security)
15. 45% more efficient than Incineration
16. 50% less cost than Incineration
17. 112,482 MWh of electricity produced each year (Renewable Energy) from each plant
18. Income generation each year revenue from the plant for Kisumu Government, actual amount will be determined by negotiations and the Feasibility study
19. All SDG’s met (Sustainable Development Goals) by these waste plants for Kisumu,
20. Carbon Credits
Full funding provided, infrastructure, trucks, Rickshaws for village, Town and City waste collection, also bins and containers. One plant built first and operational by July/August 2022 followed by another ten plants. Funding of the first $80 million via USEXIMBANK followed by a further USD $800 million approximately.
"NO" Cost or burden to Government for the plants and "NO" Tipping Fee, Renewable Electricity & PPA with Kisumu County to assist the Sustainable Urban & Rural Sustainable Waste Management in the County.
We have also provided the Kisumu Government now a Complete Sustainable Waste development document and tool kit to train and enhance the knowledge of Sustainable Waste Management in Developing Countries.
Once the Feasibility Study and EIA has been completed along with the Business Model and reviewed by Kisumu Government and the Governor then the first plant could be operational by July/August 2022.
Waste Management - MSW
1997 offer
UK MSW - The UK has now taken several steps on its journey towards sustainable waste management practices, the road is long and there is considerable room for further advancement. Obligations under the EU Landfill Directive, it has turned increasingly to a range of alternative disposal options. These include increased recycling, composting, anaerobic digestion and the use of thermal treatment facilities to recover energy from waste. PSECC Ltd was a Not-for-Profit organisation for over ten years and now as a Limited company are active in pioneering new technologies to make possible a more Sustainable Waste Management Sector & Economy.
The average composition and calorific value of MSW in the UK is calculated to be 12 MJ/kg. This value corresponds to an equivalent of 3.3 MW per tonne of waste per hour. Plastics have the highest calorific value, contributing 8.8% to the total calorific value of MSW. Waste paper and cardboard represent the highest percentage in the total composition of the UK MSW, while also contributing a large fraction of the calorific value of MSW.
In recent years, a combination of recycling and composting has become the largest means of managing wastes, accounting for 26.7% and 15.5%, respectively, of the total MSW generated. A total of 73% of the composted waste is treated in open air windrows . However, 40.3% is still sent to landfill while only 16% is combusted in 24 waste to energy facilities which recover 1594 GWh of electricity annually - this equates to some 0.41 MWh of electricity generated for every tonne of MSW combusted.
Reuse, Recycling & Composting
As noted, recycling/reuse together with composting have become the dominant methods of waste management in the UK, accounting for 42.2% of the total MSW. In 2012 a total of 13.1 million tonnes of MSW was recycled or composted in the UK, representing an increase of 27.3% since 2002. The per capita recycling and composting for UK residents is 0.21 tonnes. England recycles and composts the least with 0.20 tonnes per capita (42% of the total MSW produced in England) , followed by Northern Ireland (0.21; 39% of the total MSW produced in N. Ireland), Wales and Scotland (0.25 each; 50.1% and 42% of the total MSW produced in each country accordingly).
According to the Anaerobic Digestion & Biogas Association (ADBA) there are currently well over 100 operational anaerobic digesters, not counting those operating at water treatment facilities.
In 2012, there were also 203 composting sites (149 open windrow, 41 in-vessel and 13 combined open windrow and in-vessel), the majority of which are located in the east of England (38), followed by the south east (35) and north west (27).
In the same year, there were 2341 recycling facilities operating, 749 of which processed end-of-life vehicles (ELV), 761 were vehicle dismantling facilities, 60 vehicle de-pollution sites and 771 metal recycling plants.
Landfill
The 40.3% of MSW landfilled in the UK is sent to the country's 725 active landfill sites; producing some 4979 GWh of electricity from the methane recovered. Notably, almost 1700 landfill sites have stopped operation since 2001, showing that the country is moving away from landfill as an option for waste management.
England is landfilling less with 0.18 tonnes per capita, followed by Wales (0.23), N. Ireland (0.32) and Scotland (0.33).
Energy Recovery
Of the total MSW produced in the UK in 2012 some 16.1% was processed in waste to energy plants. This accounted for some 5% of the country's total Renewable Energy Sources (RES) - an increase in the contribution of made by waste to energy plants of some 300% since 1996. A total of 1739 GWh electricity and heat combined.
There are 24 plants currently operating, while 14 new facilities are in various stages of construction. In England, 0.09 tonnes per capita were processed in Waste to Energy plants in 2011/12. In Scotland and Wales, however, only 0.02 tonnes per capita was sent to energy recovery facilities. There was no energy recovery at all in Northern Ireland.
Additionally, Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) facilities in England processed 1.4% of the total MSW generated in the UK in 2012 to produce Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) or Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). This percentage corresponds to only 0.008 tonnes per capita.
In Scotland and in Northern Ireland there are no MBT plants, while in Wales 0.005 tonnes per capita were processed into RDF. In total, there was an increase of 0.8% of MSW treated by MBT plants since 2002.
In total, there are about 19 facilities in the UK using various MBT processes with a production capacity of approximately one million tonnes of SRF, used mainly in the cement industry.
The total energy produced by bioenergy based technologies and waste treatment operation sites was 12,973 GWh. This represented an increase in energy production these sources of 620% from 1996.
The oil equivalent of the energy produced from wastes in 2011 was 750 thousand tonnes. Of this 717,300 tonnes equivalent was due to the production of electricity from waste – an increase of 928% since 1990. An additional 32,700 tonnes of oil equivalent came from the generation of heat from wastes.
The economics of Waste management in the UK
The gate fee for landfilling lies between £73 and £127 per tonne, with the median fee paid by local authorities in 2012 being £85 per tonne. By contrast, the average gate fee paid at an MRF was just £9 per tonne of recyclable materials, or £26 per tonne at facilities which entered service after 2011.
Open air windrow composting sites averaged £24 per tonne, in-vessel composting and anaerobic digestions plants both charged £43 per tonne.
The gate fee paid by local authorities at waste to energy plants was £54 per tonne for those facilities built prior to 2000 and £73 per tonne of for plants built after the year 2000. The gate fees at MBT plants were £84 per tonne of waste. It is clear to see then, that the most economically viable form of waste management, other than prevention, is the reuse and recycling of materials, with an average gate fee of only £9 per tonne of waste.
Conclusions on the Global status of waste management in the UK
A Chinese proverb states: "The longest journey starts with a single step". This reflects the progress made towards improving the waste management situation in the UK.
The country has rapidly increased its sustainable waste management practices over recent years, and has achieved this by placing an emphasis on recycling and composting. This is while also significantly increasing its waste to energy capacity. Using statistics provided by Eurostat, the Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants (CEWEP) and the published data of several other nations, the global waste management 'ladder' (p45), along with the position of UK on the ladder.
The concept is to show that nations that recycle more of their municipal solid waste, and process more of their residual MSW in waste to energy facilities, therefore less landfilling, are higher up the ladder of sustainable waste management.
The countries were ranked according to their result on the formula below, where waste to energy (WTE) includes MBT facilities:
r= 1.2*(Recycling + Composting) %+WtE%
Taking into account that the UK's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (on a purchasing power parity basis) is approximately 1.1 times higher than the European average, as well as its position on the global sustainable waste management ladder, the country is below several other European nations.
Therefore, while the UK has now taken several steps on its journey towards sustainable waste management practices, the road is long and there is considerable room for further advancement.
Professor Nickolas J. Themelis is director of the Earth Engineering Centre, Columbia University and chair of the global WTERT Council
web: www.columbia.edu/cu/wtert
Athanasios C. Bourtsalas is a doctoral student in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London and is also a research associate at the Earth Engineering Centre, Columbia University.
email: ab6211@imperial.ac.uk or ab3129@caa.columbia.eduMore Waste Management World Articles
Waste Management World Issue Archives
We can take Landfill material and make Refuse Derived Fuel - RDF as a fuel source for the Energy from Waste (EFW) Gasification plant.
PSECC Solar Farmsan initiative of PSECC Ltd
2021 offer
Waste Management - ZERO Waste - ZERO Landfill - Circular Economy
Sustainable Urban & Rural Life - we provide full funding